Document: BPS Regulations
Status: Adopted and in force
Version: 1.0
Adopted by: The Board of Directors
Effective date: 5 August 2026
Review cycle: Annually

Contents

1. Part 1 — Preliminary (paragraphs 1–2)
2. Part 2 — Membership (paragraphs 3–13)
3. Part 3 — The Board of Directors (paragraphs 14–22)
4. Part 4 — Continuing Professional Development (paragraphs 23–28)
5. Part 5 — Conflicts of Interest (paragraphs 29–33)
6. Part 6 — General (paragraphs 34–36)
7. Schedule 1 — Member Undertaking
8. Annexure A — Complaints, Discipline and Appeals
9. Annexure B — Timetable of Periods and Deadlines

Part 1 — Preliminary

1. Status and Purpose

1.1 These Regulations are subordinate to the Constitution. Where they conflict with the Constitution, the Constitution prevails.

1.2 They set out the rules for membership, for the conduct of the Board of Directors, for continuing professional development, for conflicts of interest, and for complaints and discipline.

1.3 They do not restate the Code of Ethics or the Standards of Practice, which are separate instruments binding on members in their own right.

1.4 The Society is not a statutory regulator. Every obligation in these Regulations is a contractual obligation owed by a member to the Society on the basis of membership.

2. Interpretation

2.1 In these Regulations:

1. “the Board” means the Board of Directors constituted under clause 7 of the Constitution;
2. “the APA” means the American Polygraph Association;
3. “good standing” means a member who is not in arrears beyond the period in paragraph 11.2 and who is not suspended;
4. “working day” means a day other than a Saturday, Sunday, or bank holiday in England and Wales.

2.2 A reference to graduation from an APA-accredited programme includes graduation from a programme recognised as equivalent by the Board under paragraph 9.

Part 2 — Membership

3. Classes of Membership

3.1 The Society has the four classes of membership set out in clause 5.2 of the Constitution.

Class	Who it is for	Post-nominal	Vote	Directory
Intern Member	Examiner in supervised training	Intern Member, BPS	No	Listed, noted as Intern, with supervisor named
Member	Examiner in independent practice, APA-accredited training	MBPS	Yes	Listed
Senior Member	Experienced Member with sustained contribution	SMBPS	Yes	Listed, noted as Senior
Honorary Member	Distinguished service to the profession	Hon. MBPS	Only if also a Member or Senior Member	By resolution of the members

3.2 Every member of every class signs the Member Undertaking at Schedule 1 and is bound by the Code of Ethics.

3.3 Provisions of the Code of Ethics, the Standards of Practice, and these Regulations that are specific to the conduct of polygraph examinations apply to an Honorary Member only to the extent that they conduct, commission, or are professionally involved in such examinations.

3.4 Every applicant shall sign the Member Undertaking at Schedule 1 and pay the applicable subscription. Those two requirements are not repeated in the paragraphs that follow.

4. Intern Member

4.1 An applicant for Intern Membership shall:

1. have graduated from a basic polygraph examiner training course accredited by the APA, or one recognised as equivalent by the Board;
2. be in supervised practice under a Member, a Senior Member, or an examiner of equivalent standing;
3. provide a reference from the supervising examiner;
4. provide a Disclosure and Barring Service (DBS) basic disclosure dated not more than three months before the application, or an overseas equivalent; and
5. hold professional indemnity insurance for polygraph practice, or be covered by the supervising examiner’s insurance.

4.2 Intern Members are bound by the Code of Ethics and the Standards of Practice.

4.3 Intern Membership is a training grade. No person may remain an Intern Member for more than four consecutive years, save in exceptional circumstances accepted by the Board in writing.

5. Member

5.1 An applicant for Member status shall:

1. have graduated from an APA-accredited polygraph training programme;
2. have completed at least 50 supervised polygraph examinations, or such other threshold as the Board may set;
3. provide a DBS basic disclosure dated not more than three months before the application;
4. hold professional indemnity insurance appropriate to their practice, at not less than the minimum limit of indemnity set by the Board; and
5. provide two professional references, at least one from an APA-trained examiner.

5.2 Members may vote at general meetings, stand for the Board, and appear in the examiner directory.

6. Senior Member

6.1 An applicant for Senior Member status shall:

1. have been a Member in good standing, or have practised as a polygraph examiner to a comparable standard, for at least five continuous years, as evidenced to the satisfaction of the Board;
2. have completed at least 500 polygraph examinations in that period;
3. have met the CPD requirement in Part 4 in each of those years in which they were a member of the Society;
4. not have been subject to a disciplinary finding at level (d) or above under paragraph A8.1 in the preceding three years; and
5. provide evidence of contribution to the profession through training, research, peer review, or comparable service.

6.2 Senior Members may sit on Complaints Panels and chair sub-committees.

6.3 On the establishment of the Society, the Board may admit a founding member to Senior Member status where it is satisfied that the member met paragraphs 6.1(a), (b), and (e) through practice before their admission to the Society. A decision under this paragraph shall be recorded in the minutes.

6.4 Senior status is not permanent. A Senior Member who receives a disciplinary finding at level (d) or above under paragraph A8.1 may be reduced to Member status by resolution of the Board.

7. Honorary Member

7.1 The members in general meeting may, on the Board’s recommendation, admit a person as an Honorary Member in recognition of distinguished service to polygraph examination or to the Society.

7.2 Honorary Members pay no subscription and, by way of exception to paragraph 3.4, are not required to pay one.

7.3 Honorary status is for life unless resigned or revoked by the members in general meeting.

8. Designations and Post-nominals

8.1 A member in good standing may use the designation or post-nominal for their class as set out in the table at paragraph 3.1, and no other.

8.2 A person who ceases to be a member shall stop using any BPS designation, post-nominal, mark, or logo immediately, and shall surrender any certificate of membership.

9. Recognition of Equivalent Qualifications

9.1 The Board may recognise a training programme as equivalent to an APA-accredited programme. A decision to do so shall be in writing and published to the membership.

9.2 The Board shall not recognise a programme that materially falls short of the training hours, supervised practice, and continuing education standards applied by the APA.

10. Application Process

10.1 Applications shall be made on the prescribed form with the application fee set by the Board.

10.2 The Board shall determine an application within sixty days of receiving it complete. Where further information is requested, the sixty days run from receipt of that information.

10.3 A refusal shall be given in writing with reasons. The applicant may appeal under Annexure A, on the ground only that the decision was procedurally flawed or clearly unreasonable.

11. Subscriptions

11.1 Members shall pay an annual subscription at the rate set by the members in general meeting on the Board’s recommendation. A separate rate is set for each class; Honorary Members pay nothing.

11.2 Subscriptions fall due on 1 January. A member more than sixty days in arrears ceases to be in good standing. A member more than six months in arrears ceases to be a member, subject to reinstatement on payment of arrears and any reinstatement fee.

11.3 Subscriptions are not refundable.

12. Directory Listing

12.1 Intern Members, Members, and Senior Members in good standing are entitled to a listing in the public examiner directory.

12.2 The Secretary may amend or remove a listing to reflect a change in membership status, the outcome of a complaint, or a matter notified under paragraph 10.3 of the Code of Ethics.

13. Termination and Re-admission

13.1 Membership terminates as set out in clause 5.8 of the Constitution.

13.2 A person expelled from membership may apply for re-admission only after any minimum period specified in the expulsion decision, or three years from expulsion if none was specified. A re-admission application is considered as a fresh application.

Part 3 — The Board of Directors

14. Functions

14.1 The Board is the governing body of the Society. Its functions are to:

1. direct the affairs of the Society under the Constitution and these Regulations;
2. admit members and determine complaints;
3. manage the Society’s finances, fix the application fee, and recommend the annual subscription;
4. maintain the directory, website, and communications;
5. adopt, review, and amend the Society’s policies, other than the Constitution;
6. appoint sub-committees and panels; and
7. report to the members at the Annual General Meeting.

15. Composition and Election

15.1 The Board consists of not fewer than three and not more than nine Directors, including a President, a Secretary, and a Treasurer. The remaining Directors hold office without portfolio.

15.2 Only Members and Senior Members in good standing are eligible for election.

15.3 Directors are elected at the Annual General Meeting for a two-year term. Terms may be renewed, but no person shall serve more than three consecutive terms in the same office without a break of at least one year.

16. The President

16.1 The President presides at meetings of the Board and at general meetings, and has a casting vote on a tie.

16.2 The President is the principal public representative of the Society and speaks for the Board on policy.

16.3 The President signs contracts on behalf of the Society, jointly with the Secretary or the Treasurer.

17. The Secretary

17.1 The Secretary is responsible for:

1. convening meetings and circulating agendas and papers;
2. taking, circulating, and retaining minutes;
3. maintaining the Register of Members, the Register of Interests, and the record of complaints and appeals;
4. acting as first point of contact for applications and complaints;
5. keeping the published policies current; and
6. such other duties as the Board assigns.

18. The Treasurer

18.1 The Treasurer is responsible for:

1. keeping proper books of account;
2. collecting subscriptions, fees, and other income;
3. authorising payments within the limits the Board sets;
4. presenting quarterly financial reports to the Board and an annual statement to the members at the AGM; and
5. engaging the independent examiner appointed by the members.

19. Meetings

19.1 The Board shall meet at least quarterly. The President may call additional meetings and shall do so on the written request of two Directors.

19.2 Not less than seven days’ notice shall be given, save in urgent cases with the President’s consent.

19.3 The quorum is three Directors, including at least one officer.

19.4 Meetings may be held in person, electronically, or both, provided every participant can hear and be heard by every other.

19.5 Decisions are by simple majority of those present and voting, with a casting vote for the President. A written resolution signed by all Directors has the same force as a resolution passed at a meeting.

20. Sub-committees and Panels

20.1 The Board may appoint sub-committees and panels, including Complaints Panels and Appeals Panels under Annexure A, and standing sub-committees for CPD, membership, directory, and communications.

20.2 A sub-committee or panel may include persons who are not Directors, and may include persons who are not members of the Society where independence requires it.

20.3 Sub-committees report to the Board, which remains responsible for delegated functions.

21. Matters Reserved to the Members

21.1 The following are outside the Board’s power and reserved to the members in general meeting:

1. amendment of the Constitution;
2. dissolution of the Society;
3. setting the annual subscription rate;
4. appointing the independent examiner; and
5. admitting Honorary Members.

22. Expenses, Vacancies, Removal, and Accountability

22.1 Directors are not remunerated. Reasonable out-of-pocket expenses on Society business may be reimbursed on production of receipts.

22.2 A casual vacancy may be filled by co-option until the next Annual General Meeting, at which the co-opted Director may stand for election.

22.3 A Director may be removed by simple majority of the members in general meeting, provided they have had at least twenty-one days’ written notice of the proposed resolution and an opportunity to address the meeting.

22.4 The Board is accountable to the members. The President’s Annual Report shall state the Board’s principal decisions, the Society’s financial position, the number of new members, the complaints received and determined, and any material policy change.

Part 4 — Continuing Professional Development

23. Minimum Requirement

23.1 Every practising member shall complete at least 30 hours of CPD related to polygraphy in each rolling two-year period.

23.2 Of those 30 hours, at least:

1. 10 hours shall permit interaction with the instructor and other learners — for example in-person training, a live webinar with questions, or structured peer review; and
2. 5 hours shall relate to ethics, professional standards, or the law affecting polygraph practice in the United Kingdom.

23.3 This requirement reflects and supplements the APA’s. It does not displace a CPD requirement imposed by any other body.

24. Eligible Activities

24.1 The following count towards CPD:

1. APA-accredited courses and seminars;
2. BPS training, study days, and webinars;
3. training by another recognised polygraph body;
4. peer-reviewed research in polygraphy authored or co-authored by the member, at the rate the Board sets;
5. formal supervised peer review of examinations;
6. teaching on an APA-recognised polygraph programme, counted once per course;
7. postgraduate study in psychology, law, or a related field, so far as directly relevant; and
8. any other activity the Board accepts.

24.2 CPD hours recognised by the APA count towards the 30 hours. The same activity shall not be counted under more than one category.

25. Records and Declaration

25.1 Members keep their own CPD records, recording for each activity the date and duration, the provider, the subject, a brief statement of what was learned, and evidence of attendance or completion.

25.2 Records shall be kept for at least five years and produced to the Society on request.

25.3 On renewing membership each year, a member shall declare that they have met, or are on track to meet, the two-year requirement. A false declaration is a breach of the Code of Ethics.

26. Audit

26.1 The Board may each year require a random sample of members, not exceeding ten per cent of the membership, to produce their CPD records.

26.2 A member who fails an audit shall be given a reasonable opportunity to make up the shortfall, on a timescale set by the Board. Continued failure may be referred under Annexure A.

27. Accreditation of Courses and Providers

27.1 The Society may accredit courses or providers. An application shall include the syllabus and learning outcomes, the instructors’ credentials, the method of assessment if any, the duration in CPD hours, and the fee.

27.2 Accreditation runs for three years and may be renewed.

27.3 The Society may withdraw accreditation where a provider or course materially departs from the approved syllabus, fails to maintain quality, or falls into disrepute.

28. Reduced Requirement

28.1 A member temporarily not in practice — for example on parental leave, long-term medical leave, or a career break — may apply to the Secretary for a reduced requirement. The Board shall set the reduction having regard to the length of, and reason for, the break.

Part 5 — Conflicts of Interest

29. What Is a Conflict

29.1 A conflict of interest exists where a personal, financial, familial, fraternal, political, or professional interest could — or could reasonably be perceived to — improperly influence:

1. the conduct of an examination;
2. a finding or the content of a report;
3. a decision of the Board, a Complaints Panel, or an Appeals Panel; or
4. any other exercise of responsibility within the Society.

29.2 The following ordinarily give rise to a conflict:

1. a personal or familial relationship with the examinee, complainant, retaining party, witness, or opposing party;
2. a prior professional role in relation to the examinee — as therapist, supervisor, instructor, or solicitor;
3. a financial interest in the outcome of the examination or of related proceedings;
4. a contingent, reduced, or inflated fee arrangement prohibited by paragraph 3 of the Code of Ethics;
5. sitting on a Society panel considering the member’s own conduct, or that of a close associate;
6. a prior adverse professional relationship with a party that would undermine impartiality.

30. Duty to Disclose

30.1 Every member shall consider, before accepting an instruction or acting in any Society role, whether a conflict arises.

30.2 A conflict shall be disclosed promptly and in writing — to the retaining party in the case of an instruction, and to the Secretary in the case of a Society role or decision.

31. Managing Conflicts in Examinations

31.1 Where a conflict is identified before an examination, the member shall either decline the instruction, or proceed only where every relevant party has been told of the conflict in writing and has consented in writing.

31.2 A member shall not proceed, even with consent, where they judge that the conflict cannot be managed consistently with their duty of impartiality under the Code of Ethics.

31.3 Where a conflict emerges during or after an examination, the member shall promptly notify the retaining party and take reasonable and proportionate steps, which may include withdrawing.

32. Managing Conflicts in Society Roles

32.1 A Director, or a member of a Complaints Panel or an Appeals Panel, who has a conflict in a matter under consideration shall declare it at the earliest opportunity, take no part in discussion or decision, and withdraw from the meeting for that item.

32.2 The President shall keep a written record of declared conflicts and the steps taken.

33. Register of Interests

33.1 Every Director shall give the Secretary a statement of their relevant interests on election and annually thereafter, to be held on a Register of Interests.

33.2 The Register is open to inspection by any member on reasonable notice.

Part 6 — General

34. Breach

34.1 A breach of these Regulations — including a failure to disclose or manage a conflict, and a material failure to meet the CPD requirement or a material misstatement in a CPD declaration — is a disciplinary matter under Annexure A and a breach of the Code of Ethics.

35. Amendment

35.1 These Regulations may be amended by resolution of the Board, which shall publish any amendment to the membership. Amendment of the Constitution remains reserved to the members under clause 12 of the Constitution.

36. Governing Law

36.1 These Regulations are governed by the law of England and Wales, and the courts of England and Wales have jurisdiction over any dispute arising under them.

Schedule 1 — Member Undertaking

“I, [name], apply for membership of the British Polygraph Society. I undertake to observe the Constitution, the Code of Ethics, the Standards of Practice, and all other policies of the Society as amended from time to time. I confirm that the information given in my application is true and complete. I agree that the law of England and Wales governs my membership and that the courts of England and Wales have jurisdiction over any dispute arising out of my membership.”

Annexure A — Complaints, Discipline and Appeals

A1. Purpose and Scope

A1.1 This Annexure sets out how the Society receives, investigates, and determines complaints that a member has breached the Constitution, the Code of Ethics, the Standards of Practice, or these Regulations; the sanctions available; and the route of appeal.

A1.2 The Society has no statutory or regulatory power. Sanctions are limited to those in paragraph A8 and operate only as between the Society and the member.

A1.3 Nothing here displaces or limits any person’s right to pursue a legal remedy in the courts, or to complain to a statutory, regulatory, or other professional body.

A2. Who May Complain

A2.1 A complaint may be made by:

1. an examinee, or a person with parental or other lawful responsibility for an examinee;
2. a retaining party, including a statutory agency, legal representative, employer, or private client;
3. another member;
4. the Board of its own motion; or
5. any other person with a legitimate interest in the conduct complained of.

A3. Form and Timing

To submit a complaint: use the online complaint form. It captures everything required by paragraph A3.1 and issues an automatic acknowledgement with a reference number. You may also email or post a complaint, as below.

A3.1 A complaint shall be in writing to the Secretary, shall identify the member complained of, shall set out the facts relied on, and shall be signed by the complainant or their representative. Complaints may be sent by email to [email protected] or by post to:

The Secretary
British Polygraph Society
Oxford Centre for Innovation
Blue Boar Court, Alfred Street
Oxford OX1 4EH, United Kingdom

A3.2 A complaint should be made within twelve months of the conduct complained of. The Board may accept a later complaint where it is in the interests of justice.

A4. Initial Assessment

A4.1 The Secretary shall acknowledge a complaint within ten working days and refer it to the Board at its next meeting, or sooner if urgent.

A4.2 The Board shall make an initial assessment and may:

1. dismiss the complaint as plainly unfounded, vexatious, or outside the Society’s jurisdiction, with written reasons to the complainant;
2. refer it for conciliation, where both parties agree;
3. refer it to a Complaints Panel for investigation and determination; or
4. impose an interim suspension under paragraph A5, where the alleged breach is so serious that continued listing risks public harm.

A5. Interim Measures

A5.1 The Board may by resolution suspend a member’s directory listing, voting rights, or both, pending determination, where the alleged breach is so serious that continued listing would expose the public or the Society to significant risk, and the member has had an opportunity to make written representations.

A5.2 An interim measure shall be reviewed at least every three months and lapses on final determination.

A6. Complaints Panel

A6.1 A Complaints Panel consists of three people appointed by the Board. No Director who took part in the decision to refer the complaint may sit on the Panel. None shall have a personal, financial, or professional interest in the subject matter. The Panel appoints its own Chair.

A6.2 The Panel shall investigate and may:

1. require the member to respond in writing within a period of not less than twenty-one days;
2. request documents, records, and other relevant material;
3. invite or require the parties to attend a hearing, in person or electronically; and
4. seek independent expert advice.

A7. Standard of Proof and Determination

A7.1 The standard of proof is the balance of probabilities.

A7.2 The Panel shall make written findings of fact, apply them to the Code of Ethics, the Standards of Practice, or these Regulations, and determine whether a breach is proved.

A7.3 Where a breach is proved, the Panel shall determine the sanction from those in paragraph A8.

A8. Sanctions

A8.1 The sanctions available, in order of severity, are:

1. No further action;
2. Informal advice or warning, not published;
3. Formal written warning, placed on the member’s record;
4. Reprimand, published to the membership;
5. Conditions on continued membership, including required CPD, supervised practice, or restrictions on the types of examination the member may conduct as a BPS member;
6. Suspension of membership and directory listing for a specified period not exceeding twenty-four months;
7. Expulsion and removal from the directory, with or without a minimum period before re-application.

A8.2 A sanction at levels (d) to (g) may include a requirement to repay the Society’s reasonable costs of investigation, up to any limit the Board sets by general policy.

A8.3 The Society shall not impose any financial penalty beyond costs, nor purport to prevent a member from practising polygraph examination outside the Society.

A9. Notification of Outcome

A9.1 The Panel’s written decision, with findings of fact and reasons for any sanction, shall be sent to the member and the complainant within twenty-eight days of determination.

A9.2 The Board may publish a summary of the decision, having regard to the seriousness of the matter and the interests of members, the public, and the member. Publication shall respect data protection law and the privacy of any examinee or third party.

A10. Appeals

A10.1 A member sanctioned at levels (c) to (g) may appeal. Notice of appeal shall be given in writing to the Secretary within twenty-one days of receiving the decision, stating the grounds.

A10.2 The grounds of appeal are limited to:

1. a procedural irregularity that may have affected the outcome;
2. a material error in the findings of fact;
3. a misapplication of the Code of Ethics, the Standards of Practice, or these Regulations; or
4. that the sanction is manifestly disproportionate.

A10.3 An Appeals Panel of three, none of whom sat on the Complaints Panel or took part in any earlier decision in the same matter, shall be appointed by the President. At least one shall be independent of the Society.

A10.4 The Appeals Panel may confirm, vary, or set aside the decision and the sanction. Its decision is final within the Society.

A11. Record Keeping

A11.1 The Secretary shall keep a confidential record of all complaints, determinations, and appeals for at least six years.

A11.2 Records shall be held in accordance with the UK GDPR, the Data Protection Act 2018, and the Society’s Privacy and Confidentiality Policy.

A12. Governing Law

A12.1 This Annexure is governed by the law of England and Wales. Any challenge to a decision taken under it shall be brought in the courts of England and Wales.

Annexure B — Timetable of Periods and Deadlines

This Annexure collects, in one place, every period and deadline stated elsewhere in the Constitution, these Regulations, and the Standards of Practice. It creates no new obligation: where this table and the operative paragraph differ, the operative paragraph prevails. Figures in bold are periods within which the Society must act.

B1. Complaints, Discipline and Appeals

Step	Period	Source
Complaint should be made, counting from the conduct complained of	12 months (the Board may accept a later complaint in the interests of justice)	A3.2
Secretary acknowledges receipt	10 working days	A4.1
Referral to the Board	Next Board meeting, or sooner if urgent	A4.1
Member’s written response to the Panel	Not less than 21 days	A6.2(a)
Review of an interim suspension	At least every 3 months; lapses on final determination	A5.2
Written decision issued to member and complainant	28 days from determination	A9.1
Notice of appeal	21 days from receipt of the decision	A10.1
Retention of complaint records	Minimum 6 years	A11.1
Suspension as a sanction	Maximum 24 months	A8.1(f)
Re-application after expulsion	Any period specified in the decision, otherwise 3 years	13.2

B2. Membership

Step	Period	Source
Determination of a complete application	60 days from receipt (or from receipt of further information requested)	10.2
Age of DBS basic disclosure at application	Not more than 3 months	4.1(d), 5.1(c)
Subscriptions fall due	1 January each year	11.2
Arrears — member ceases to be in good standing	60 days	11.2
Arrears — member ceases to be a member	6 months	11.2
Maximum time as an Intern Member	4 consecutive years (exceptions in writing by the Board)	4.3
Minimum service before Senior Member	5 continuous years as a Member in good standing	6.1(a)
Disciplinary-free period required for Senior Member	3 years preceding the application	6.1(d)

B3. Continuing Professional Development

Step	Period	Source
CPD requirement	30 hours per rolling 2-year period	23.1
— of which interactive	At least 10 hours	23.2(a)
— of which ethics, standards, or law	At least 5 hours	23.2(b)
Retention of CPD records	Minimum 5 years	25.2
Annual CPD declaration	On renewal of membership each year	25.3
Audit sample	Maximum 10% of the membership per year	26.1
Accreditation of a course or provider	3 years, renewable	27.2

B4. Governance

Step	Period	Source
Annual General Meeting	Each calendar year, not more than 15 months after the previous AGM	Constitution 8.1
Board meetings	At least quarterly	19.1
Notice of a Board meeting	Not less than 7 days (shorter with the President’s consent in urgent cases)	19.2
Quorum	3 Directors, including at least one officer	19.3
Term of office	2 years; maximum 3 consecutive terms in the same office	Constitution 7.4
Notice of a resolution to remove a Director	Not less than 21 days	Constitution 7.7
Register of Interests statement	On election and annually thereafter	33.1
Financial year	1 January to 31 December	Constitution 6.2

B5. Examination Records

Step	Period	Source
Retention of examination records	Minimum 3 years, or longer if required by law, contract, or court order	Standards 9.4
Retention of the audio or audio-video recording	Minimum 1 year, or as required by law or the retaining party	Standards 8.5
Minimum time scheduled per examination	90 minutes	Standards 8.10
Maximum examinations in one day	5, of any type	Standards 8.10
Interval between questions assessing truth and deception	Not less than 20 seconds, onset to onset	Standards 8.7